Bangladesh is at a historic crossroads, undergoing a transformative phase following the fall of prime minister Sheikh Hasina’s long-standing authoritarian regime. Her government, marked by accusations of corruption, suppression of dissent, and human rights violations, was toppled last August after massive student-led protests demanded democratic change.
These protests, initially fueled by opposition to quotas in the civil service, quickly evolved into a broader anti-discrimination campaign for the restoration of civil liberties. The movement soon garnered support from people across the country. The government’s violent response, which killed over 1,000 people in what is now referred to as the “July massacre,” ultimately led to Hasina’s ouster and the rise of Nobel Peace Laureate Muhammad Yunus as interim leader.
The dismissal of Sheikh Hasina marked the end of 15 years of centralized, authoritarian rule, during which the opposition was suppressed and the security forces became heavily politicized. Her departure has fueled hopes of a new “liberation” for Bangladesh, echoing the country’s independence half a century ago. However, achieving stability and democracy requires addressing numerous challenges through comprehensive reforms in governance, the constitution, and state institutions.
The quest for justice and accountability
The aftermath of the July uprising has been marked by continued public demands for accountability. Thousands have rallied in Dhaka, led by the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, calling for Sheikh Hasina’s prosecution and the banning of her Awami League party. The movement’s “March for Unity” has highlighted calls for justice, including Hasina’s extradition from India, where she fled on August 5, 2024. Bangladesh has formally requested her deportation to face charges, including crimes against humanity.
The July uprising symbolizes the broader struggle for justice and democratic reform. The interim government, under Muhammad Yunus’ leadership, has initiated investigations into the violence, inviting international bodies such as the United Nations to assist. Accountability for these events is seen as essential for national healing and the establishment of a just society.
A necessary reform
Bangladesh’s police and military face a severe crisis of legitimacy due to their politicization and involvement in human rights abuses under Hasina’s regime. Restoring public trust in these institutions is essential for promoting security and democracy.
Reforms must focus on dismantling abusive units, particularly the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), and purging personnel implicated in atrocities. Recruitment should prioritize diversity and merit, including women and minorities, to rebuild a credible security force. An independent commission, potentially supported by the United Nations, should oversee these efforts to ensure accountability and transparency.
The military must undergo similar reforms, including the removal of personnel accused of abuses and the restructuring of controversial institutions like the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI). Transparency in business interests and a commitment to democratic processes are essential to prevent future abuses. Independent oversight will be critical to maintaining the military’s neutrality and preventing politicization.
Towards decentralized governance
Bangladesh’s authoritarian turn was facilitated by a concentration of power in the Prime Minister’s Office and the executive branch. The interim government must prioritize constitutional reforms to decentralize power and strengthen checks and balances.
Restructuring the presidency as a non-partisan institution is a crucial step. The current practice of the prime minister appointing the president must be replaced with a collective voting process. Additionally, the president should have the authority to appoint the heads of key state institutions based on recommendations from nonpartisan experts. Legislative independence can be enhanced by abolishing laws requiring members of Parliament to vote along party lines, reducing executive control, and fostering greater accountability.
Depoliticization
The judiciary and key state institutions have long been compromised by political interference, undermining their credibility and effectiveness. Judicial reforms should eliminate controversial practices, such as the reappointment of retired judges, which incentivize favoritism and weaken judicial independence. Merit-based appointments are essential to rebuilding public trust.
Key institutions, including the Election Commission, Anti-Corruption Commission, Public Service Commission, and Human Rights Commission, must be insulated from ruling party influence. Appointments to these bodies should follow a transparent process involving recommendations from independent committees representing political parties, the judiciary, and civil society. Parliamentary approval with a threshold of opposition support will ensure bipartisan agreement and prevent domination by a single party. A neutral and autonomous Election Commission is particularly critical for ensuring credible elections and a smooth transition of power.
The role of elections
Free and fair elections are indispensable for the functioning of democracy in Bangladesh. The recent student-led uprising underscored the power of collective action in demanding change and highlighted the critical importance of electoral processes that genuinely reflect the people’s will. The interim government must ensure that the upcoming elections are conducted transparently and credibly. Establishing an environment that nurtures voter confidence and preserves the integrity of the electoral process is vital.
Bangladesh stands at a pivotal moment in its history, with the potential to emerge as a more robust and democratic nation. The fall of Sheikh Hasina’s regime and the leadership of Muhammad Yunus have created a unique opportunity for transformative change. By addressing the injustices of the past, implementing comprehensive reforms, and ensuring free and fair elections, Bangladesh can lay the groundwork for a future rooted in justice, accountability, and democratic values.
The recent wave of student-led protests has vividly showcased the power and determination of civil society to bring about meaningful change. This vibrant movement not only succeeded in dismantling an authoritarian government but also reaffirmed the principle of free and fair elections as a cornerstone of democracy. The successful implementation of these initiatives will illuminate the path toward what many citizens are calling their "second liberation," fulfilling their dreams of a just and democratic society. With clear direction and immense potential for progress, the future of Bangladesh holds promise and hope for all its citizens.
Zarrin Tasnim Mouri is an alumnus of the Department of Law, North South University.
