The emergence of the new, more transmissible Clade 1b variant of Mpox, has been rapidly spreading across Africa and beyond. The declaration of Mpox as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), by the World Health Organization's (WHO), for the second time in two years further highlights the urgency.
With over 15,600 cases and 537 deaths reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) alone and the virus spreading to neighbouring countries, the global health community is on high alert. The new variant, which appears to transmit more easily through sexual networks, adds a new dimension to the challenge. As we've seen with previous health emergencies, in our interconnected world, what begins as a localized outbreak can quickly become a global concern.
Bangladesh's experience with past health crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic, provides a foundation for its approach to the Mpox threat. The country's public health infrastructure, though strained, has shown resilience and adaptability in recent years. However, the unique characteristics of Mpox and its new variant necessitate a tailored response strategy.
Prompt detection
One of the primary challenges Bangladesh faces is early detection and surveillance. The country's healthcare system, particularly in rural areas, may struggle to identify Mpox cases promptly. The symptoms of Mpox, which include fever and distinctive skin lesions, can be mistaken for other diseases common in the region. To address this, Bangladesh's health authorities need to rapidly disseminate information about Mpox symptoms and detection protocols to healthcare workers across the country. Establishing a robust surveillance system that can quickly identify and report potential cases is crucial.
Diagnostic strategies
Another critical aspect of preparedness is laboratory capacity. Bangladesh has made significant strides in enhancing its diagnostic capabilities during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, testing for Mpox requires specific expertise and equipment. The country needs to assess its current laboratory infrastructure and, if necessary, seek international support to establish or upgrade facilities capable of accurately diagnosing Mpox cases.
Vaccination strategy is another key consideration. While two vaccines are currently in use for Mpox globally, their availability and distribution in Bangladesh remain uncertain. The country's health ministry must work closely with international organizations like the WHO, Gavi, and Unicef to secure vaccine doses. Moreover, given the limited initial supply, a clear prioritization strategy for vaccination is essential, focusing on high-risk groups and healthcare workers.
Healthcare worker training and protection are paramount. Frontline medical staff need to be educated about Mpox symptoms, transmission routes, and proper protective measures. Ensuring an adequate supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) and establishing clear protocols for managing suspected and confirmed cases are essential steps.
The country's pharmaceutical industry, which has shown remarkable growth and adaptability, could play a crucial role. If Mpox cases are detected in Bangladesh or neighboring countries, local production of essential medications and even vaccines could become a priority. The government should engage with pharmaceutical companies early to explore these possibilities.
Bangladesh's health authorities and civil society organizations need to work together to combat misinformation and ensure that affected individuals are not marginalized
Public engagement
Public awareness and education form a crucial component of any effective response to a health emergency. Bangladesh has a diverse population with varying levels of health literacy. Crafting clear, culturally sensitive messages about Mpox prevention, symptoms, and when to seek medical care is vital. The government should leverage its experience from previous health campaigns and utilize various communication channels, including social media, to reach different segments of the population.
The potential for stigma and discrimination associated with Mpox, particularly given its mode of transmission, cannot be overlooked. Bangladesh's health authorities and civil society organizations need to work together to combat misinformation and ensure that affected individuals are not marginalized. This is crucial not only for protecting human rights but also for encouraging people to come forward for testing and treatment.
Community engagement is another critical factor. Bangladesh has a strong tradition of community health workers and volunteers. Mobilizing these networks to assist in surveillance, education, and support for affected individuals could significantly enhance the country's response capacity.
Migration concerns and international cooperation
Border control and travel-related measures are another critical aspect of preparedness. While Bangladesh has not reported any Mpox cases as of August 2024, the situation in neighbouring countries like India and Pakistan will significantly influence its risk profile. Implementing appropriate screening measures at ports of entry, while avoiding unnecessary travel restrictions, will be a delicate balance to strike.
Resource allocation and funding will be significant challenges. Nonetheless, Bangladesh should consider establishing a dedicated task force to oversee Mpox preparedness and response efforts, ensuring a cohesive and efficient approach across different sectors.
As we've learned from the Covid-19 pandemic, no country can face a global health threat in isolation. Regional cooperation, particularly within the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) framework, could be instrumental in sharing resources, information, and best practices for Mpox preparedness and response.
While Bangladesh faces significant challenges in preparing for a potential Mpox outbreak, it also has valuable experiences and resources to draw upon. The key to success lies in early preparation, robust surveillance, effective public communication, and international cooperation. By taking proactive steps now, Bangladesh can strengthen its resilience against Mpox and other potential health emergencies.
As the global health landscape continues to evolve, the country's ability to adapt and respond effectively will be crucial not only for protecting its own population but also for contributing to global health security. The Mpox PHEIC serves as a reminder that in our interconnected world, health challenges know no borders. Bangladesh's preparedness efforts today will not only safeguard its citizens but also contribute to the broader global effort to contain and mitigate the impact of this emerging health threat.
Md Jahedul Islam is a Public Health Researcher. Email: [email protected]
