No list of seminal business books would be complete without The Experience Economy, the 1999 bestseller by American academics B Joseph Pine II and James H Gilmore. They argued that the selling of experiences was the fourth great stage in our consumer development after commodities, goods, and services.
They explained their idea with the following example:
“As a vestige of the agrarian economy, mothers made birthday cakes from scratch, mixing farm commodities (flour, sugar, butter, and eggs) that together cost mere dimes. As the goods-based industrial economy advanced, moms paid a dollar or two to Betty Crocker for pre-mixed ingredients.
“Later, when the service economy took hold, busy parents ordered cakes from the bakery or grocery store, which, at $10 or $15, cost ten times as much as the packaged ingredients. Now, in the time-starved 1990s, parents neither make the birthday cake nor even throw the party. Instead, they spend US$100 or more to ‘outsource’ the entire event.”
In recent years, everyone from high street shops to tourist trails to luxury spas has sold consumers experiences -- stirring our emotions for the highest price possible. But this model has been as badly hit as any sector by the pandemic. It would be easy to think that demand for experiences will simply return next year or the year after, but I’m not convinced. Instead, something slightly different may be emerging.
Are you experienced?
Prior to 2020, the experience economy appeared to be booming. In the US, sales of spectator events, amusement parks, restaurants, and travelling grew much faster during the 2010s than those of goods, while the UK was similarly successful in this respect. People spent generously to make memories -- witness the recent trend for attending festivals based around favourite TV shows such as Friends.
Millennials seemed to particularly prioritize memorable experiences over buying things, documenting it all via social media. But then, of course, came Covid-19. A July report from PwC found that accommodation and food were the worst hit service sectors in the UK, followed by arts, entertainment, and recreation.
Memorable experiences are about triggering sensations. People remember feeling excited by an adrenaline rush, such as riding a rollercoaster. For example, research on theme parks suggests that to be successful, they must heighten the thrill that visitors expect.
Equally, experiences rely on being shared with others. Sharing an activity intensifies the experience. Those who take part in cosplay, for example,, where participants put on costumes and act out character parts, enhance their hobby by swapping advice and giving mutual support.
Obviously, pursuing and sharing such encounters has been difficult under Covid-19 restrictions. This has hit the likes of tourism, hospitality, events, higher education, theatres, and concerts.
The restrictions will presumably be lifted at some point, but a deeper underlying challenge for the experience economy is actually not related to the pandemic -- although Covid-19 may accelerate the transformation.
Physical retail has also been in long-term decline. Shopping malls and high streets are spaces for staging experiences. The best ones put on a show, bring people together, excite and entertain. Yet people are seemingly less and less interested. Shuttered brands and empty stores are becoming commonplace.
Look at me
A more fundamental change in the economy may be underway. Instead of experiences, value for today’s consumers increasingly comes from having an audience: They like to attract attention.
My research on tourists has found that some people go on holiday to be looked at. They will spend significant amounts on travel that helps them gain attention. Wearing over-the-top outfits, for example, they want local people to notice them. Rather than try to blend in, in search of an authentic experience, I found tourists doing their best to stand out.
It may be time to add a new layer to Pine and Gilmore’s progression of economic development, in which value is added by facilitating performances. People are now willing to pay for goods, services, and experiences that support their gaining of attention.
This follows two decades of reality television, social media, data analytics, and micro-celebrity. Living under constant observation is the new normal. Becoming an online influencer is the new aspirational. Online likes seem to be addictive and behaviour changing.
It is therefore unsurprising that we will seek out things which support our online performances. Fast-growing sectors provide opportunities for consumers to enhance their appearance, such as tattoo parlours or fitness. Meanwhile, the outlet for all of these performances -- social media -- grows rapidly.
Just as commodities, goods and services were somewhat pushed aside by the rise of experiences, so too experiences are now being displaced by performances. It doesn’t mean the end of the experience economy; more a rebalancing towards supporting the performances that consumers increasingly prioritize.
Pine and Gilmore noted that the transition from selling services to selling experiences would be difficult for established companies to undertake and weather. The transition from selling experiences to supporting performances will be difficult too, particularly thanks to Covid-19. But businesses that find a way to capitalize on this 21st-century shift might emerge more strongly than their rivals.
Brendan Canavan is Senior Lecturer in Marketing, University of Huddersfield. A version of this article first appeared in The Conversation and has been reprinted under special arrangement.
