In the heart of New Delhi lies Chanakyapuri -- a verdant enclave of embassies where whispers of diplomacy intermingle with the echoes of a 2,300-year-old strategic legacy. Named after the revered strategist Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), this diplomatic hub serves as a powerful reminder of the enduring significance of strategic thinking in international relations. As Chanakya wisely stated: “The wise king foresees that which is not yet visible, as the mature fruit is foreseen in the blossom” (Arthashastra 15.1).
This ancient wisdom, rooted in anticipation and foresight, is particularly relevant as India navigates the complexities of its relationships in South Asia today, including its crucial ties with Bangladesh, a nation that shares both history and aspirations with its neighbour.
As India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar asserts: “Nations must shape the world, not just exist in it,” these timeless teachings remain a guiding force in shaping modern diplomacy and engagement with neighbours.
Chanakya’s Arthashastra: The bedrock of Indian strategic thought
Kautilya (Chanakya), the ancient architect of statecraft, authored the Arthashastra as a sophisticated manual for governance that continues to resonate millennia later. His focus on strategic alliances underscores a fundamental instinct for survival through intelligence and cooperation. While his teachings emphasized a pragmatic approach -- often prioritizing realpolitik -- Chanakya also cautioned, “a king shall lose his kingdom if he angers the people.” This insight highlights the necessity for India to balance its national interests with the sentiments of neighbouring populations, including the aspirations and concerns of the Bangladeshi people.
Neighbourhood first policy: Aspirations vs realities
The launch of the "Neighbourhood First" policy in 2014 marked a pivotal moment in India's foreign relations. India Prime Minister Narendra Modi's aim was to foster closer ties with immediate neighbours such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives through strategic outreach and engagement. Jaishankar embodies this pragmatic approach, emphasizing that “to be strong is to defend your interests while fostering relationships” (The India Way). However, despite these intentions, the policy has not yielded the expected outcomes.
Recent surveys indicate a rise in anti-India sentiments among neighbouring populations, including Bangladesh, creating a complex landscape that challenges the initial aspirations of this policy. Analysts point out that diplomatic efforts have often been confined to governmental levels, missing the opportunity to resonate with the broader sentiments and aspirations of the people. For instance, issues such as water sharing, trade imbalances and border killings have sparked discontent among Bangladeshis, which underscores the need for more inclusive dialogue.
Understanding public sentiment: Lessons from Kautilya
Kautilya teaches the importance of winning the hearts of neighbours. He famously stated, “if a ruler fails to win the hearts of his neighbours, he strengthens his enemies” (Arthashastra, 7.3). Understanding the sources of discontent is essential for India as it navigates the intricacies of its relationships with neighbours.
S Jaishankar underscores this need for mutual respect and understanding, noting that “India’s relations with its us should be defined by their mutual interests and respect” (The India Way). Recognizing regional sentiments, particularly those of Bangladesh, is vital for India as it seeks to renew its image and foster goodwill. Engaging in cultural exchanges and showcasing shared heritage can play a pivotal role in this endeavour.
As India embraces the complexities of South Asian diplomacy, the wisdom of Chanakya offers valuable insights for contemporary challenges
Building a cooperative future: Integrating Chanakya and Jaishankar
Both Chanakya and Jaishankar advocate for a diplomatic approach that emphasizes respect and cooperation. Kautilya’s insights encourage strategic engagement, while Jaishankar promotes a balanced approach that integrates democracy and moral imperatives into foreign policy.
Both recognize the importance of economic cooperation, cultural exchanges, and addressing regional issues. Encouraging people-to-people contact through joint initiatives in education and trade can deepen understanding and foster goodwill among nations. Additionally, fair trade arrangements, collaborative resource management, and transparency in addressing border issues are foundational for rebuilding trust.
Conclusion: A new diplomatic horizon
As India embraces the complexities of South Asian diplomacy, the wisdom of Chanakya offers valuable insights for contemporary challenges. His questioning approach serves to guide India in its quest to establish meaningful relationships with its neighbours, particularly Bangladesh.
By adopting a diplomatic strategy enriched by understanding, cultural sensitivity, and strategic foresight, India can cultivate a cooperative environment with Bangladesh and its neighbouring countries. This path not only honors the legacy of Chanakya but also aligns with Jaishankar’s vision of a harmonious South Asian neighbourhood, where nations work together toward shared prosperity and lasting peace.
Mehdi Hasan is Former Bangladesh Ambassador to Sweden, Norway and Finland.
