Speculation that Saudi Arabia could devalue its currency may owe more to a poor public relations effort by Saudi authorities than to the economic pressures on the kingdom.
Riyadh has the tools available to protect itself as low oil prices push the current account and budget balances of the world’s top crude exporter deep into deficit, senior bankers in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf said.
In private conversations with Reuters this week, the bankers - many of whom are in contact with Saudi authorities - said Riyadh may detail a strategy to cope with an era of cheap oil as soon as next month, when the finance ministry presents the 2016 budget plan. The prospect of a riyal devaluation remains far-fetched, they said.
Political sensitivities and a culture of government secrecy have so far prevented officials from publicly discussing the likely policy options, keeping financial markets guessing about Riyadh’s response to the sustained oil price slump. At $45.71 per barrel, Brent crude LCOc1 is down 20% this year after tumbling from above $115 last year.
Nervous investors are hedging against the risk that Saudi Arabia could abandon its three-decade-old peg of 3.75 riyals to the dollar. The riyal fell in the forwards market SAR1Y this week to its lowest since 1999, after the price of credit default swaps covering Saudi sovereign debt SAGV5YUSAC surpassed those insuring against a Philippines default PHGV5YUSAC.
“A lot of uncertainty has to do with the size of the fiscal deficit expected this year,” said Monica Malik, chief economist at Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank. As the government introduces spending cuts and other deficit-curbing measures, “this should help ease worries”, she said.
The central bank and finance ministry did not respond to requests for comment on policy.
Malik said steps expected next year, including an end to one-off state salary bonuses and the introduction of a land tax, could cut the budget deficit to around 10 percent of gross domestic product from the current 20%.
That would allow Saudi Arabia to slow the drawdown of its foreign assets, a major focus for the pessimists.
Apocalyptic
The kingdom faces tougher economic times, the regional bankers said - but not to the point of being forced to break its currency peg.
Their view is at odds with some analysts at major Western financial institutions, who are discussing a looming Saudi devaluation in apocalyptic terms.
“If Saudi cannot resist the gravitational forces created by a persistently strong US dollar and de-pegs the riyal to follow the Russian or Brazilian currencies, oil could collapse to $25 per barrel,” Bank of America Merrill Lynch wrote this week.
In fact Riyadh is determined to avoid devaluation at almost any cost, the Gulf bankers said. The resulting market panic and import cost surge would outweigh the benefit to state finances from higher oil revenue after conversion from dollars to riyals.
Saudi Arabia imports much of its food, consumer goods and machinery, and their rapid price inflation could stoke political discontent in the event of a devaluation.
The state has reserves to support its currency for years to come. With Brent averaging $57.55 a barrel between March and September, the central bank’s foreign assets shrank at an annual rate of $87bn, leaving it holding $647bn.
Even if the asset depletion accelerated, it would take several more years to reach $225bn, or a generous 18 months of import cover - twice the cushion most nations enjoy.
Such arithmetic does little to ease market jitters, however, when Saudi officials have yet to explain how they will handle the pressure. Rare public pronouncements have so far been confined to general assurances of economic health, leaving many investors unconvinced.
Earlier this month, as dwindling oil receipts drove interbank money rates SAIBOR to their highest levels since 2009, the central bank governor brushed off what he called a “slight” rise in rates, insisting that banks had liquidity aplenty. Borrowing costs have since risen further.