On December 2, 1997, the signing of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Peace Accord marked a historic moment for Bangladesh, promising peace, development, and autonomy to the region's indigenous communities after decades of armed conflict. Yet, as we commemorate 27 years of this milestone, the stark reality is that the vision of the accord remains largely unfulfilled, leaving many of its promises unmet and its aspirations unrealized.
Many indigenous people in CHT feel that the accord has not delivered on its promises, leading to continued frustration and calls for a reevaluation of its implementation. There is a growing call for more genuine implementation of the accord’s provisions and greater attention to the rights and needs of indigenous peoples.
Meanwhile, the military's strong presence in the region, justified as a means to maintain order, is viewed by many indigenous communities as oppressive and counterproductive to achieving lasting peace in the CHT.
The context of the accord
The CHT region, home to diverse indigenous groups collectively known as the Jumma people, had long been a site of conflict due to historical neglect, marginalization, and state policies of settlement and militarization. The insurgency led by the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) and its armed wing, the Shanti Bahini, underscored the region's demand for cultural, political, and territorial autonomy.
The 1997 accord aimed to address these grievances and it was hailed internationally as a model of conflict resolution. More than a quarter-century later, progress on key provisions of the accord remains negligible:
Resolving land disputes: The accord promised the formation of a land commission to resolve land disputes involving indigenous peoples and settlers. However, the commission remains largely ineffective due to bureaucratic delays, lack of political will, and inadequate resources. Land grabbing continues, fueling tension and resentment.
Demilitarization: One of the most significant promises was the withdrawal of temporary military camps. While some camps have been removed, the region remains heavily militarized under the guise of "security." This persistent presence undermines the sense of autonomy and trust among indigenous communities.
Autonomy and governance: The regional council, meant to serve as a vehicle for self-governance, faces systemic challenges. Limited financial resources, interference from the central government, and overlapping administrative powers with other authorities hinder its effectiveness.
Rights and representation: Indigenous peoples continue to face systemic discrimination, lack of political representation, and barriers to accessing education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Their unique cultural identities and languages remain at risk.
Rehabilitation of refugees and internally displaced people:Thousands of displaced families, both internally and in neighbouring India, have yet to be rehabilitated. Many live in precarious conditions without access to basic services.
The root causes of stagnation
The stagnation stems from several factors:
Political apathy: Successive governments have shown little interest in fully implementing the accord, often viewing it as a low-priority issue.
Conflicting interests: Settler communities, backed by influential actors, often resist measures favouring indigenous rights.
Bureaucratic inefficiency: Delays and mismanagement within government institutions have slowed down implementation efforts.
Lack of accountability: There is no robust mechanism to hold stakeholders accountable for failing to honour the commitments of the accord.
The way forward
To honour the spirit of the 1997 accord, concerted efforts are required from all stakeholders:
Political commitment: The government must prioritize the full implementation of the accord, demonstrating genuine political will and leadership.
Strengthening institutions: The land commission and the regional council must be empowered with adequate resources, authority, and autonomy.
Addressing militarization: Phased withdrawal of military presence, coupled with enhanced civilian administration, can foster trust and reduce tensions.
Protecting cultural identity: Policies promoting the preservation of indigenous languages, traditions, and heritage are essential for ensuring cultural survival.
Involving indigenous voices: Inclusive governance and active participation of indigenous communities in decision-making processes are critical for long-term peace.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord was a beacon of hope for a marginalized region, but its unrealized promises have left a deep sense of frustration and disillusionment. If Bangladesh is to uphold its values of inclusivity and justice, the accord must be revitalized as a living document of peace and progress. After 27 years, the time has come to translate words into action, and ensure that the vision of the accord is finally fulfilled.
John Tripura is an Indigenous Human Rights Defender. E-mail: tripurajohn@gmail.com