Flooding has almost become an annual event in Bangladesh. For the 3.6 million people stranded by the ongoing floods, this isn’t just a seasonal occurrence -- it’s a devastating reality that has disrupted their lives, leaving them grappling with the loss of homes and a future now clouded by economic uncertainty. As a nation, we can no longer accept this cycle of destruction and misery. The pressing question is how to confront the relentless rivers that threaten lives each year. The solution is clear: “We must not fight the rivers; instead, we need to flow with their course.”
Situated on the world's largest delta, the Ganges Delta, Bangladesh is inherently vulnerable to flooding due to its low elevation and extensive river network. Over 80% of the country is floodplains, lying less than five metres above sea level, making it susceptible to heavy monsoon rains, upstream water flow, and melting Himalayan glaciers. Coastal flooding and riverbank breaches, worsened by rising sea levels and climate change, have historically plagued the nation.
Despite efforts to fortify defenses with reinforced concrete, many embankments remain inadequate, exacerbating the frequent and severe flooding experienced during the monsoon season from June to September.
For decades, flood control efforts have involved exploiting and monetizing the rivers under the guise of management. Cumbersome dams have been constructed, riverbeds have been excavated for sand, riverbanks have been encroached upon, and waterways have become dumping grounds. Between 2000 and 2020, over 43 rivers have dried up, and the Rivers and Delta Research Centre (RDRC) reports that at least 56 rivers suffer from extreme pollution, especially during low-flow periods.
To restore a balanced relationship with the rivers, illegal settlements along riverbanks must be addressed, and penalties for encroachment enforced. Greater accountability is needed to tackle industrial dumping and restore the health of these vital waterways.
Rather than relying on traditional flood management methods, we must rethink our approach and provide more space for the rivers to navigate. Instead of building higher dykes and larger dams, we should focus on deepening and widening rivers and regularly dredging them to increase their capacity during peak flood periods. Creating new side canals to redirect flow can alleviate pressure on main river systems and reduce the likelihood of severe flooding. Setting aside land as dedicated floodplains can act as buffer zones, supporting biodiversity and ecosystems.
For decades, flood control efforts have involved exploiting and monetizing the rivers under the guise of management
Incorporating innovative urban designs can further enhance flood resilience. Amphibious cities, where buildings are constructed to float on water, offer a promising solution for flood-prone areas. Examples like Venice and the planned floating city in the Maldives demonstrate the viability of this approach.
Meanwhile, China’s sponge cities focus on absorbing and managing rainwater through permeable surfaces and green infrastructure. Statistics show that sponge cities have reduced urban flooding by 30% and improved water quality. Implementing these strategies in Bangladesh could significantly mitigate flood impacts.
Addressing the water-sharing issue with India is another critical aspect of effective flood management. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin, shared between Bangladesh and India, requires collaborative management to balance water allocation and mitigate flood risks. Joint efforts, such as shared forecasting systems and coordinated river management plans, could help reduce the frequency and severity of floods, benefiting millions in both countries and fostering regional stability.
The Netherlands provides a compelling example of effective flood management through innovative strategies. The Room for the River program has transformed river landscapes by widening channels, incorporating wetlands, and relocating structures to create space for floodwaters. The Delta Works system, including the Maeslant Barrier, offers sophisticated storm surge protection by automatically closing during high flood risks. Rotterdam’s Water Square showcases urban resilience by serving as a recreational space that doubles as a rainwater reservoir.
In 2018, the government approved the Bangladesh Delta Plan (BDP) 2100, developed with the Dutch Water Sector and partially financed by the Netherlands, aiming to integrate similar principles to enhance flood management strategies.
The recent surge in activism and heightened awareness has ignited renewed hope for a better future. This moment presents a unique opportunity to reimagine our relationship with rivers and embrace the reality of living alongside water. By committing to a unified, coordinated effort involving government agencies, private institutions, and local communities, Bangladesh can craft a resilient and sustainable approach to flood management. Resolving to break the cycle of devastation and fostering a harmonious relationship with the waterways is essential for building a safer, more secure future.
Hurmetun Nesa Labiba is a Research Intern at the Bangladesh Institute of Governance and Management (BIGM).